雷竞技-《科学》（20240927出版）一周论文导读—新闻—科学网

Science, 27 SEP 2024, Volume 385 Issue 6716

《科学》，2024年9月27日，第385卷，6716期

化学Chemistry

Solar transpiration–powered lithium extraction and storage

太阳能蒸腾驱动的锂提取和贮存

▲ 作者：YAN SONG, SHIQI FANG et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm7034

▲ 摘要：受年夜天然在蒸腾感化当选择性提取物种的开导，我们陈述一种太阳能蒸腾驱动的锂提取和贮存（STLES）装配。该装配可以操纵天然阳光从盐水中提取和贮存锂。具体来讲，该装配利用分层的太阳能蒸发器来发生压力梯度，从而在盐水中提取锂，并将其搜集在贮存层中。

持久尝试、多种膜测试和分歧尺寸评估证实了该材料的不变性、兼容性和可扩大性。这类太阳能采矿手艺为要害资本的可延续开采供给了另外一种成长路子。

▲ Abstract：Inspired by nature’s ability to selectively extract species in transpiration, we report a solar transpiration–powered lithium extraction and storage (STLES) device that can extract and store lithium from brines using natural sunlight. Specifically, the device uses a hierarchically structured solar transpirational evaporator to create a pressure gradient, which allows for the extraction of lithium from brines through a membrane and its storage in a vascular storage layer. Long-term experiments, various membrane tests, and different size assessments demonstrate the stability, compatibility, and scalability of STLES. This solar-powered mining technology provides an alternative developing pathway toward the sustainable extraction of critical resources.

生物学Biology

A host-adapted auxotrophic gut symbiont induces mucosal immunodeficiency

宿主顺应的营养不良肠道共生体引诱粘膜免疫缺点

▲ 作者：QIUHE LU, THOMAS C. A. HITCH et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk2536

▲ 摘要：在此，我们展现了低肠道免疫球卵白A（IgA）程度小鼠的细菌微生物群的功能挑选。我们判定了一种被称为Tomasiella immunophila的革兰氏阴性细菌，其在小鼠肠道中引诱和降解IgA。携带T. immunophila的小鼠易受传染，且粘膜修复不良。T. immunophila对细菌细胞壁氨基糖N-乙酰胞壁酸具有营养不良缺点。

它将免疫球卵白降解卵白酶传递到外膜囊泡中，这些囊泡优先降解具有kappa轻链而不是lambda轻链的啮齿动物抗体。这项研究注解了共生体在免疫缺点中的感化，这可能合用在人类疾病。

▲ Abstract：We show a functional screen of the bacterial microbiota from mice with low intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels; we identified a Gram-negative bacterium, proposed as Tomasiella immunophila, that induces and degrades IgA in the mouse intestine. Mice harboring T. immunophila are susceptible to infections and show poor mucosal repair. T. immunophila is auxotrophic for the bacterial cell wall amino sugar N-acetylmuramic acid. It delivers immunoglobulin-degrading proteases into outer membrane vesicles that preferentially degrade rodent antibodies with kappa but not lambda light chains. This work indicates a role for symbionts in immunodeficiency, which might be applicable to human disease.

Prefrontal synaptic regulation of homeostatic sleep pressure revealed through synaptic chemogenetics

经由过程突触化学遗传学揭露前额叶突触对稳态睡眠压力的调理

▲ 作者：TAKESHI SAWADA, YUSUKE IINO et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl3043

▲摘要：睡眠是由体内均衡进程调理的，但是，在苏醒时、触发时和消失时堆集睡眠压力的生物学根本依然不明。我们经由过程成立一个理论框架和份子东西来把持突触强度，摸索了细胞突触强度和唆使宏不雅睡眠压力的脑电图δ功率之间的因果关系。

数学模子猜测认为，突触强度的增添增进了神经元的“降落状况”，并提高了δ功率。我们的份子东西，经由过程化学引诱的Kalirin-7卵白易位引诱树突棘增年夜和突触加强，证实了前额叶皮层兴奋性神经元的突触加强增添了非快速眼动睡眠量和δ功率。是以，前额叶皮层兴奋性神经元的突触强度决议了哺乳动物的睡眠压力。

▲ Abstract：Sleep is regulated by homeostatic processes, yet the biological basis of sleep pressure that accumulates during wakefulness, triggers sleep, and dissipates during sleep remains elusive. We explored a causal relationship between cellular synaptic strength and electroencephalography delta power indicating macro-level sleep pressure by developing a theoretical framework and a molecular tool to manipulate synaptic strength. The mathematical model predicted that increased synaptic strength promotes the neuronal “down state” and raises the delta power. Our molecular tool (synapse-targeted chemically induced translocation of Kalirin-7, SYNCit-K), which induces dendritic spine enlargement and synaptic potentiation through chemically induced translocation of protein Kalirin-7, demonstrated that synaptic potentiation of excitatory neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) increases nonrapid eye movement sleep amounts and delta power. Thus, synaptic strength of PFC excitatory neurons dictates sleep pressure in mammals.

Mutating a flexible region of the RSV F protein can stabilize the prefusion conformation

基在柔性区域革新的RSV F卵白融会前构象不变性突变设计

▲ 作者：YU LIANG, SHUAI SHAO et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp2362

▲ 摘要：我们提出了一种诱变策略，经由过程阻断陪伴年夜范围构象重排的卵白质布局的局部转变来禁止RSV F卵白处在其pre-F状况。我们发生了一系列突变体，并在体外挑选它们，以评估它们构成不变的pre-F的潜力。

在动物尝试中，一种具有代表性的突变型F卵白的免疫原性激发了与许可疫苗中利用的pre-F的DS-Cav1相当的中和抗体程度和对rsv引诱的肺毁伤的庇护。

▲ Abstract：We present a mutagenesis strategy to arrest the RSV F protein in its pre-F state by blocking localized changes in protein structure that accompany large-scale conformational rearrangements. We generated a series of mutants and screened them in vitro to assess their potential for forming a stable pre-F. In animals, the immunogenicity of a representative mutant F protein, with a conformation confirmed by cryo–electron microscopy, elicited levels of neutralizing antibodies and protection against RSV-induced lung damage that were comparable to those of DS-Cav1, a pre-F used in a licensed vaccine.

地球科学Earth Science

Four decades of Hawaiian monk seal entanglement data reveal the benefits of plastic debris removal

四十年来夏威夷僧海豹环绕纠缠的数据揭露了断根塑料碎片的益处

▲ 作者：JASON D. BAKER, THEA C. JOHANOS et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado2834

▲摘要：烧毁鱼具会对海洋物种和生态系统造成风险。为了减轻这些海洋塑料碎片酿成的粉碎，已成立了各类清算打算。但据我们所知，这些尽力对海洋物种和生态系统的益处还没有获得实证证实。

我们研究了在西北夏威夷群岛最先年夜范围海洋垃圾断根工作前后40多年的夏威夷僧海豹海洋垃圾环绕纠缠记实，注解在垃圾断根工作最集中的处所，环雷竞技绕纠缠率年夜幅下降。年夜范围、延续地断根烧毁鱼具对海洋生态系统有益，并有可能改变生态恢复工作。

▲ Abstract：Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear causes harm to marine species and ecosystems. To mitigate the destruction wrought by this ocean plastic debris, various cleanup programs have been established, though to our knowledge the benefits of such efforts to marine species and ecosystems have not yet been empirically demonstrated. We examined more than 40 years of Hawaiian monk seal marine debris entanglement records before and after large-scale marine debris removal efforts were initiated in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, demonstrating a substantial reduction in entanglement rates where debris removal effort was most concentrated. Large-scale and sustained removal of abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear meaningfully benefits marine ecosystems and has the potential to be transformational in restoration efforts.

3775-year-old wood burial supports “wood vaulting” as a durable carbon removal method

3775年前的木葬证实“木材泉台”可作为一种持久的除碳方式

▲ 作者：NING ZENG, XINPENG ZHAO et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm8133

▲摘要：陆地光合感化每一年断根的二氧化碳量是化石燃料排放的6倍。但是，经由过程分化后年夜部门的碳回到年夜气中。我们在地下2米处发现了一根3775年前的古原木，它的保留时候远远跨越预期。这根木材保留得近乎完善，与现代样品比拟，碳损掉不到5%。它没有腐臭的缘由多是埋藏地址致密黏土的低渗入性。

我们的不雅察注解，经由过程将木质生物资埋在近似的缺氧情况中，可以采取一种夹杂的天然工程方式来除碳。我们估量，操纵现有手艺，以每吨30至100美元的低本钱优化后，全球封存潜力可达每一年100亿吨二氧化碳。

▲ Abstract：Six-times more carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed each year by terrestrial photosynthesis than fossil fuel emissions. However, the carbon is mostly returned to the atmosphere by decomposition. We found a 3775-year-old ancient wood log buried 2 meters belowground that was preserved far beyond its expected lifetime. The wood had near-perfect preservation, with carbon loss less than 5% compared to a modern sample. The lack of decay is likely due to the low permeability of the compact clay soil at the burial site. Our observation suggests a hybrid nature-engineering approach for carbon removal by burying woody biomass in similar anoxic environments. We estimate a global sequestration potential of up to 10 gigatonnes CO2 per year with existing technology at a low cost of 美金30 to 美金100 per tonne after optimization.

特殊声明：本文转载仅仅是出在传布信息的需要，其实不意味着代表本网站不雅点或证实其内容的真实性；如其他媒体、网站或小我从本网站转载利用，须保存本网站注明的“来历”，并自大版权等法令责任；作者假如不但愿被转载或联系转载稿费等事宜，请与我们联系。